1. How do these individuals get hired for jobs as biochemists or biophysicists without proper documentation?

It is unlikely that individuals without proper documentation would be hired for jobs as biochemists or biophysicists. Most employers require candidates to have a minimum of a bachelor’s degree, and often advanced degrees, in biochemistry or biophysics, which requires official transcripts and other documentation. Additionally, these fields often involve working with sensitive materials and require security clearances, which can only be obtained with proper documentation. It is possible that some individuals may falsify their documentation or work under the table, but this would likely be discovered through background checks and could result in legal consequences for both the individual and the employer.

2. Are there any challenges they face in the workplace due to their immigration status?

Yes, some challenges that individuals with immigration status may face in the workplace include discrimination, lower wages, job insecurity, limited employment opportunities, and difficulty obtaining work permits or visas. Additionally, language barriers and cultural differences can also present challenges in communication and integration into the workplace. These challenges can often lead to a lack of job stability and constant fear of deportation, which can negatively impact their mental health and well-being.

3. Do they have access to the same resources and opportunities as documented workers in the field?

It depends. In some cases, undocumented workers may have limited access to resources and opportunities compared to documented workers, such as being ineligible for certain government services and benefits. However, in other cases, they may have equal access to resources and opportunities in the field. For example, undocumented workers may be able to work in the same jobs and industries as documented workers, but may face barriers such as a lack of legal status or difficulty obtaining necessary visas or licenses. Ultimately, the level of access to resources and opportunities for undocumented workers will vary depending on their individual circumstances and the specific field in which they are working.

4. What steps do they have to take in order to obtain employment as a biochemist or biophysicist?

1. Obtain a bachelor’s degree: The first step to becoming a biochemist or biophysicist is to obtain a bachelor’s degree in biochemistry, biophysics, chemistry, biology, or a related field.

2. Gain laboratory experience: While pursuing their undergraduate degree, students should gain hands-on laboratory experience through coursework or research internships.

3. Pursue a relevant graduate degree: Many positions in biochemistry and biophysics require a master’s or Ph.D. degree. Students can choose to pursue a master’s program directly after completing their bachelor’s degree, or continue on to a doctoral program.

4. Apply for internships: Internships provide valuable work experience and can also help candidates build professional connections in the field.

5. Develop specialized skills: Biochemists and biophysicists may need to develop specialized skills in areas such as molecular biology, protein chemistry, or computational biology depending on their specific interests and career goals.

6. Network with professionals in the field: Networking with professionals can provide valuable insights into the industry and potential job opportunities.

7. Search for job openings: There are several avenues for finding job openings including online job boards, professional networking sites, and through personal connections.

8. Prepare application materials: Applicants should have an up-to-date resume and cover letter highlighting their qualifications for the position they are applying for.

9. Attend interviews: Successful applicants will be invited for interviews where they will have the opportunity to showcase their knowledge and skills.

10. Obtain necessary licensing/certification: Depending on the type of work they will be doing, some biochemists and biophysicists may need to obtain state-issued licenses or certifications.

11. Keep learning and stay up-to-date with advancements in the field: In order to stay competitive in this rapidly evolving field, biochemists and biophysicists must continuously learn new techniques and technologies throughout their careers.

5. Is their work visa process different from that of other foreign workers?

The work visa process for Canadian citizens is not significantly different from that of other foreign workers, although there may be some slight variations depending on the specific requirements and regulations of the country they are seeking to work in. Generally, Canadian citizens will need to obtain a work visa or permit from the country where they plan to work before they can begin working legally. This may involve submitting an application, providing supporting documents (such as a job offer letter), and possibly attending an interview or medical examination. Similar to other foreign workers, Canadian citizens may also need to demonstrate their qualifications, skills, and ability to contribute to the local economy in order to be granted a work visa. It’s always important for individuals to carefully research and follow the specific requirements and procedures for obtaining a work visa in their desired country.

6. Do they have any limitations on the type of research they can conduct or areas they can work in due to their immigration status?

Yes, non-citizens may have limitations on the type of research they can conduct or areas they can work in due to their immigration status. These limitations may vary depending on the specific visa status of the individual. For example, non-citizens on student visas may be limited to research only within their field of study and at their designated educational institution, while those on temporary work visas may have restrictions on the type of work they can perform and for how long. Additionally, researchers who are not citizens or permanent residents may face challenges accessing certain government-sponsored programs or facilities due to security concerns. It is important for non-citizen researchers to carefully review any restrictions outlined in their visa documents and consult with an immigration attorney if necessary.

7. Are there any potential legal repercussions for employers who hire undocumented immigrants or DACA recipients in these fields?

Employers can face serious legal repercussions for hiring undocumented immigrants or DACA recipients in these fields. These repercussions can include fines, criminal charges, and even imprisonment.

Employers who knowingly hire undocumented immigrants can be subject to civil and criminal penalties under the Immigration and Nationality Act. For a first offense, employers may face fines ranging from $375 to $16,000 per unauthorized employee hired, depending on the severity of the violation. Subsequent offenses can lead to higher fines and even criminal prosecution.

Additionally, employers may also face charges under federal employment laws such as the Fair Labor Standards Act or Title VII of the Civil Rights Act if they treat undocumented employees differently than other employees or deny them workplace rights and protections.

Employers who hire individuals with DACA status must ensure that they have proper authorization to work in the United States. If an employer hires a DACA recipient without valid work authorization, they could face sanctions from the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agency.

It is important for employers to verify the eligibility of all employees through the I-9 process and ensure compliance with state and federal employment laws when hiring individuals in these fields. Failure to do so could result in significant legal consequences for employers.

8. How do these individuals handle issues such as work visas, taxes, and social security numbers when working in the United States?

1. Work Visas: Most foreign individuals working in the United States will need to obtain a valid work visa, such as an H-1B or L-1 visa, before they can legally work in the country. The process for obtaining a work visa can be complex and typically involves sponsorship from an employer or organization.

2. Taxes: Foreign individuals working in the United States are subject to federal and state income taxes on their earnings, just like any other worker. They may also need to pay Social Security and Medicare taxes. In some cases, tax treaties between the U.S. and their home country may provide exemptions or reduced tax rates.

3. Social Security Numbers: To legally work in the United States, most foreign employees will need to obtain a Social Security number (SSN). This is used by employers for payroll and tax purposes and is also required when filing income tax returns.

4. Applying for a Social Security Number: Non-U.S. citizens can apply for an SSN at a Social Security Administration (SSA) office by providing proof of identity, work authorization, and immigration status.

5. Individual Tax Identification Number (ITIN): If a foreign employee is not eligible for an SSN but still needs to file U.S. taxes, they can apply for an ITIN from the IRS to use as their tax identification number.

6. Tax Treaties: The U.S. has tax treaties with many countries that aim to prevent double taxation of individuals and businesses operating across borders.

7. Renewing Work Visas: Work visas typically have a time limit and must be renewed periodically if the individual wishes to continue working in the U.S.

8. Hiring an Immigration Attorney or Tax Professional: Since navigating these processes can be complicated and confusing, many foreign workers choose to hire an immigration attorney or tax professional to assist them with obtaining visas, understanding their tax obligations, and managing related paperwork.

9. Is there any support or resources available specifically for undocumented immigrant biochemists and biophysicists?

Yes, there are several resources and organizations that provide support for undocumented immigrant biochemists and biophysicists. Some of these include:

1. The Immigrant Legal Resource Center (ILRC) – This nonprofit organization provides information about immigration rights and policy changes, as well as legal assistance to undocumented immigrants in the United States.

2. The National Immigration Law Center (NILC) – This organization offers legal help and resources for undocumented immigrants, including assistance with navigating the immigration system and understanding their rights.

3. The American Immigration Council (AIC) – The AIC is a national advocacy organization that promotes fair and just immigration laws through policy research, litigation, education, and public engagement.

4. The Scholarships for Undocumented Students database – This online resource provides a comprehensive list of scholarships that are open to undocumented students pursuing higher education, including those studying biochemistry or biophysics.

5. Society for Advancement of Chicanos/Hispanics and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS) – SACNAS is an inclusive organization dedicated to fostering the success of Chicano/Hispanic and Native American scientists at all career levels. They offer various resources for underrepresented minorities in STEM fields, including undocumented individuals.

6. The BridgeUSA’s DREAMer Biomedical Scientist Support Program – This program offers mentorship opportunities, informational workshops, and networking events specifically for undocumented biomedical science students.

It is important to note that eligibility requirements for scholarships or programs may vary depending on the individual’s specific immigration status. Therefore, it is recommended to reach out to these organizations directly for more information about available support and resources.

10. Have there been any cases of discrimination or mistreatment towards these individuals in the workplace related to their immigration status?

Yes, there have been cases of discrimination and mistreatment towards individuals in the workplace related to their immigration status. These can include:

1. Denying employment opportunities: Some employers may refuse to hire or consider individuals who are not citizens or permanent residents, even if they are legally allowed to work in the country.

2. Harassment and hostile work environment: Immigrant workers may face discrimination and harassment from colleagues or superiors because of their national origin or immigration status. This can create a hostile work environment which can negatively impact their mental health and well-being.

3. Retaliation for asserting rights: Immigrants may be afraid to report labor violations or seek legal help due to fear of retaliation from their employers, such as being fired or reported to immigration authorities.

4. Unequal pay and benefits: Employers may pay non-citizen workers less than minimum wage or deny them benefits that are given to citizens, like health insurance or paid time off.

5. Unfair treatment during recruitment and hiring process: Some employers may require applicants to provide proof of citizenship or ask discriminatory questions about their immigration status during job interviews, which is illegal under federal law.

6. Limited opportunities for advancement: Immigrant workers may face barriers for advancement within a company due to language barriers, lack of access to educational resources, or cultural biases.

7. Forced labor/exploitation: In some cases, immigrants may be brought into the country through human trafficking networks and forced into labor without proper documentation or pay.

8. Incorrect employee classification: Some employers intentionally misclassify immigrant workers as independent contractors instead of employees in order to avoid paying taxes and providing benefits.

9. Difficulty accessing essential workplace information: Non-native English speakers with limited proficiency may struggle with communicating with colleagues and understanding important instructions and safety protocols at the workplace.

10. Unlawful termination: Employers may use an employee’s immigration status as an excuse for wrongful termination, despite that being illegal under federal law.

11. How does current immigration policy impact their ability to pursue education and careers in biochemistry and biophysics?

The current immigration policy in the US can have a significant impact on the ability of international students and professionals to pursue education and careers in biochemistry and biophysics. These fields are highly research-oriented and require access to cutting-edge technology, faculty expertise, and collaboration opportunities for advancement.

1. Restrictions on student visas: The student visa process is becoming increasingly strict, making it difficult for international students to obtain visas to study in the US. This can limit the number of talented students who are able to attend universities and research institutions in the country.

2. Limited resources for non-citizens: International students and professionals often face financial barriers due to limited access to funding and scholarships specifically designed for non-citizens. This can make it challenging for them to afford tuition fees, living expenses, or participate in research projects.

3. Difficulty obtaining work visas: After completing their education, many international students aspire to gain practical experience by working in the US before returning to their home country. However, the H-1B work visa program has become increasingly competitive and restrictive, reducing job opportunities for non-citizen graduates in these fields.

4. Limited job growth opportunities: Due to restrictions on work visas, international students and professionals may find it challenging to secure employment opportunities after completing their education in the US. This ultimately limits their potential for career growth within these fields.

5. Inability to contribute fully: Many of the leading advancements in biochemistry and biophysics come from collaborations between researchers from different countries. Restricted immigration policies can prevent international scientists from contributing fully due to barriers like travel bans or difficulties obtaining necessary documents.

6. Brain drain effect: Some experts suggest that current immigration policies cause a “brain drain” where high-skilled international talent chooses not to come or remain in the US due to restrictive policies regarding immigration status and employment opportunities.

Overall, current immigration policies limit diversity within research teams, impede innovation by preventing talented individuals from contributing to the field, and ultimately hinder the advancement of biochemistry and biophysics. By creating more welcoming and inclusive immigration policies, the US can benefit from a diverse pool of talented minds and continue to lead in these areas of science.

12. Are there any success stories of undocumented immigrants or DACA recipients making significant contributions to the field of biochemistry or biophysics?

Yes, there are several success stories of undocumented immigrants and DACA recipients who have made significant contributions to the field of biochemistry and biophysics. Here are a few examples:

1) Dr. Dao Nguyen: Dr. Nguyen is a Canadian-born researcher in the field of microbiology and immunology at McGill University. She came to Canada as a refugee from Vietnam at the age of 2 and later discovered that she had been brought into the country without proper documentation. However, she was able to obtain her permanent residency status through a program for undocumented children and went on to become a leading expert in cystic fibrosis research.

2) Dr. Omar Yaghi: Originally from Jordan, Dr. Yaghi is an award-winning chemist who holds both Jordanian and US citizenships. After earning his PhD from the University of Illinois, he has been conducting research in the fields of biochemistry, materials science, and nanotechnology at UC Berkeley and UCLA.

3) Dr. Maria Elena Zavala: A Mexican-born graduate student at UC Berkeley, Dr. Zavala specializes in structural biology and molecular biophysics, with a focus on understanding how proteins interact with DNA for gene expression regulation. Despite facing numerous challenges as an undocumented student, she has received numerous awards and fellowships for her work.

4) Erika Espinoza: Espinoza, who was born in Mexico and immigrated to California at age 7, is an accomplished biochemist who obtained her PhD from MIT after receiving funding through DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals). She now works as a senior manager at Amgen, one of the world’s largest biotechnology companies.

5) Jose Gomez-Marquez: Gomez-Marquez is an engineer from Guatemala with expertise in medical device design and global health technology innovation at MIT’s Little Devices Lab. He is also co-founder of MakerHealth, which provides tools and educational resources for healthcare professionals to create low-cost and customizable devices for patient care.

These are just a few examples of the many talented undocumented immigrants and DACA recipients who have made significant contributions to the field of biochemistry and biophysics.

13. What are some common misconceptions people have about undocumented immigrant biochemists and biophysicists?

1. They are all criminals: This is a harmful stereotype that is often perpetuated in the media. In reality, many undocumented immigrant biochemists and biophysicists are law-abiding individuals who contribute positively to their communities.

2. They are taking jobs from American citizens: In most cases, undocumented immigrants work in jobs that many Americans do not want or cannot fill. Additionally, many undocumented biochemists and biophysicists bring specialized skills to industries that would be difficult to replace with American workers.

3. They do not pay taxes: Undocumented immigrants are estimated to pay billions of dollars in federal, state, and local taxes each year. Many of them also contribute to Social Security and Medicare through their payroll taxes, even though they are ineligible for these benefits.

4. They have not contributed to society: Many undocumented immigrant biochemists and biophysicists have lived in the United States for years and have made significant contributions to their communities through their work, volunteerism, and other forms of civic engagement.

5. They only come to the U.S. for welfare benefits: Undocumented immigrants are not eligible for most public benefits, including welfare programs. The overwhelming majority come to the U.S. in search of better job opportunities and a chance at a better life.

6. They don’t speak English: While language barriers can exist for some undocumented immigrants who have recently arrived in the U.S., many others have been living and working here for years and are fluent in English.

7. They pose a threat to national security: There is no evidence or statistical support for the claim that undocumented immigrant biochemists and biophysicists pose a threat to national security.

8. They do not contribute economically: Studies have shown that undocumented immigrants contribute significantly to the U.S economy through labor force participation, consumer spending, small business ownership, and tax payments.

9. They do not want to become citizens: The majority of undocumented immigrants are eager to obtain legal status and citizenship, but the long and complex process can be a barrier for many.

10. They do not deserve to be in the U.S.: Many undocumented immigrant biochemists and biophysicists have been living and working in the U.S. for years, building connections to their communities and contributing to society. They often have families and deep roots in their communities, making deportation a devastating prospect.

14. Is there a difference in pay between documented and undocumented workers in this field?

Yes, there may be a difference in pay between documented and undocumented workers in this field. This is because undocumented workers may not have legal rights or protections that are offered to documented workers, such as minimum wage laws or the ability to join a union. Employers may take advantage of this and offer lower wages to undocumented workers. In addition, undocumented workers may fear reporting any violations or fighting for fairer pay due to their immigration status. However, the exact pay difference may vary depending on the specific industry, job responsibilities, and location.

15. How do family obligations (such as caring for younger siblings) affect an undocumented individual’s ability to excel in this field?

Family obligations can significantly impact an undocumented individual’s ability to excel in their chosen field. Undocumented individuals may have a responsibility to care for younger siblings due to parental deportation, detention, or their parents working long hours to support the family. This obligation can take up a significant amount of time and energy, leaving undocumented individuals with limited resources to focus on their own education and career aspirations.

Furthermore, the stress and emotional toll of worrying about the well-being and safety of family members can also distract undocumented individuals from fully committing to their academic or professional pursuits. This distraction may lead to a lack of concentration, missed opportunities, and difficulty in meeting deadlines.

In addition, financial constraints may also play a role in limiting the ability of undocumented individuals to excel in a certain field. Many undocumented individuals come from low-income households and may have to prioritize working over their education or career goals in order to provide for their families. This means they may not be able to afford advanced education or training that could help them excel in a particular field.

Overall, family obligations can place added challenges on undocumented individuals but it is important for them to find ways to balance these responsibilities while pursuing their career goals. Support from family members and seeking out resources such as scholarships, mentoring programs and community organizations can help alleviate some of these challenges and create opportunities for success.

16. Have there been any efforts made by organizations or companies to provide pathways for these individuals to become documented workers?

Yes, there have been various efforts made by organizations and companies to provide pathways for undocumented individuals to become documented workers. Some examples include:

1. The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, which allows certain immigrants who arrived in the US as children to apply for temporary protection from deportation and work authorization.

2. The DREAM Act, a proposed federal legislation that would provide a pathway to citizenship for undocumented individuals who were brought to the US as children.

3. Employer-sponsored visa programs, such as the H-1B visa, which allow US employers to hire foreign workers with specialized skills.

4. Guest worker programs, such as the H-2A and H-2B visas, which allow employers in specific industries to hire seasonal or temporary foreign workers.

5. Various state and local initiatives that provide opportunities for undocumented individuals to obtain work permits or temporary driver’s licenses.

6. Immigration advocacy organizations and legal aid clinics often offer assistance in navigating the complex immigration system and finding potential pathways for obtaining legal work status.

7. Some large corporations have also taken steps to support their undocumented employees, such as offering financial aid for DACA application fees or advocating for immigration reform.

However, it is important to note that these efforts are limited and do not address the root causes of undocumented immigration or provide a comprehensive solution for all individuals without legal status.

17. Can they participate in professional development opportunities such as conferences and workshops without legal documentation?

It may depend on the specific professional development opportunity and its requirements. Some conferences and workshops may allow individuals without legal documentation to participate, while others may require legal documentation for registration or attendance. It is recommended to contact the organizers of the specific event for more information.

18. How does the uncertainty and potential changes in immigration policies affect their careers and future plans?

The uncertainty and potential changes in immigration policies can have a significant impact on the careers and future plans of individuals who are immigrants or those who are planning to immigrate. Here are some ways in which this may affect them:

1. Limited job opportunities: Immigration policies that limit or restrict the number of immigrants allowed into a country can limit the job opportunities available to individuals. This can be particularly challenging for those seeking highly skilled jobs or specialized positions, as they may face tougher competition from local citizens who do not require a work visa.

2. Difficulty obtaining work visas: Changes in immigration policies can make it more difficult for individuals to obtain work visas, either through stricter eligibility requirements or longer processing times. This can make it harder for immigrants to secure employment and contribute to their career growth.

3. Uncertainty about residency status: For those already living and working in a country on a visa, changes in immigration policies can create uncertainty about their residency status. They may fear losing their ability to continue living and working in their adopted country, leading to stress and anxiety about their future.

4. Disruption of career plans: Immigrants often have long-term career plans that involve staying and growing within a specific country. Any changes in immigration policies that hinder their ability to settle permanently can disrupt these plans, forcing them to reconsider their options and potentially delaying or derailing their career advancement.

5. Increased financial burden: Some changes in immigration policies may come with increased costs, such as higher application fees or additional requirements for obtaining work permits. This could lead to an added financial burden for immigrants, affecting their savings and potentially slowing down their progress towards achieving their career goals.

6. Impact on education opportunities: Many immigrants come to a new country with the goal of furthering their education and gaining formal qualifications or skills that will help them advance in their careers. Changes in immigration policies could make it harder for them to access educational institutions or qualify for scholarships, disrupting their plans for career development.

7. Risk of deportation: For those living in a country without proper documentation or on temporary visas, any changes in immigration policies that result in stricter enforcement can increase the risk of being deported. This could mean losing their job and uprooting their life, leading to immense stress and uncertainty about their future career prospects.

Overall, the uncertainty and potential changes in immigration policies can create significant challenges for immigrants and impact their ability to pursue their desired careers and achieve their long-term goals. It is important for individuals to stay informed about any potential changes and seek guidance from immigration experts on navigating these complex policies.

19. Are there any specific challenges faced by DACA recipients compared to other undocumented immigrants in this field?

Yes, DACA recipients face unique challenges in pursuing certain professions compared to other undocumented immigrants. Here are some of the key challenges they may face:

1. Limited access to higher education: While DACA recipients are eligible for in-state tuition rates and state financial aid in some states, they do not have access to federal student aid, making it difficult for them to afford higher education. This limits their ability to pursue certain professions that require advanced degrees or specialized training.

2. Restrictions on employment opportunities: DACA recipients are only able to work legally with a valid work permit, which must be renewed every two years. This means they may face difficulties finding employment in certain fields that require long-term commitments or involve government contracts.

3. Uncertainty about future immigration status: DACA recipients are still considered as undocumented immigrants and do not have a clear path to permanent residency or citizenship. This creates uncertainty about their future legal status and may dissuade them from pursuing careers that require long-term commitment or investment.

4. Discrimination and stigma: Despite being authorized to work and study in the United States, DACA recipients may still face discrimination and stigma based on their immigration status. This can make it challenging for them to find job opportunities or advance in their careers.

5. Limited professional networks: Many DACA recipients grew up in the United States without access to legal work permits and were therefore unable to gain work experience or build professional networks during their youth. As a result, they may face additional barriers in accessing job opportunities compared to their peers who have been working legally since the age of 18.

6. Travel restrictions: Under current policies, DACA recipients are not permitted to travel outside of the United States unless they receive prior approval from the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). This makes it difficult for them to pursue international career opportunities or participate in conferences or networking events abroad.

In summary, while DACA has provided temporary relief for many young undocumented immigrants, they still face significant barriers and limitations in pursuing certain professions. Addressing these challenges will require policy changes and a more inclusive approach to immigration that recognizes the contributions and potential of DACA recipients in the United States.

20. What steps can be taken to support and protect undocumented immigrant biochemists and biophysicists in the United States?

1. Provide Legal Support: Undocumented biochemists and biophysicists may face legal challenges in the United States due to their status. Providing legal support and guidance can help them navigate complex immigration laws and protect their rights.

2. Create Safe Spaces: Many undocumented immigrants may feel unsafe in certain areas or institutions, which could affect their ability to work effectively. Creating safe spaces within research institutions and organizations can help support and protect these individuals.

3. Offer DACA Assistance: The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program provides temporary protection from deportation for eligible undocumented immigrants brought to the US as children. Helping undocumented biochemists and biophysicists understand and apply for this program can offer them some stability in their immigration status.

4. Advocate for Immigration Reform: Lobbying for comprehensive immigration reform can help protect the rights of undocumented immigrants, including those in the scientific community.

5. Educate Peers on Immigration Issues: Many people may not be aware of the challenges faced by undocumented biochemists and biophysicists. Educating peers about these issues can promote understanding and empathy towards this marginalized group.

6. Create Mentorship Programs: Offering mentorship opportunities to undocumented biochemists and biophysicists can provide them with support, guidance, and networking opportunities within the scientific community.

7. Encourage Employers to Be Inclusive: Research institutions and organizations can play a significant role in supporting undocumented biochemists and biophysicists by implementing inclusive policies that do not discriminate based on immigration status.

8. Provide Resources for Mental Health Support: Living as an undocumented immigrant in the US can be emotionally taxing due to uncertainty about one’s future. Providing access to mental health resources and support groups can help alleviate some of these stressors.

9. Network with Other Undocumented Scientists: Connecting with other professionals who have similar experiences can provide a sense of community, support, and mentorship for undocumented biochemists and biophysicists.

10. Share Good News Stories: While it is essential to acknowledge the challenges faced by undocumented biochemists and biophysicists, sharing success stories of individuals who have overcome these challenges can offer hope and motivation for others in similar situations.