1. What are some budget-friendly accommodation options in Iran?
1. Hostels: Iran has a growing network of hostels in major cities such as Tehran, Isfahan, and Shiraz. These provide a comfortable and affordable option for budget travelers, with dormitory beds often costing around $10-20 per night.
2. Guesthouses: Many locals in Iran rent out rooms in their homes to travelers, known as guesthouses or homestays. This offers a more authentic experience and is usually cheaper than hotels, with prices ranging from $15-30 per night.
3. Budget hotels: There are numerous budget hotels scattered across Iran, particularly in tourist destinations. These hotels offer basic amenities at a reasonable price, with rooms starting from around $30-50 per night.
4. Camping: For outdoor enthusiasts, camping is a great budget-friendly accommodation option in Iran. There are designated campsites in national parks and rural areas, where you can pitch a tent for a nominal fee or sometimes even for free.
5. Couchsurfing: Another cost-effective option is Couchsurfing, where locals offer free accommodation to travelers. This not only saves money but also allows you to connect with locals and learn more about Iranian culture.
Overall, Iran offers a diverse range of budget-friendly accommodation options for travelers, catering to different preferences and budgets. It’s essential to research and book in advance, especially during peak tourist seasons, to secure the best deals and ensure a comfortable stay without breaking the bank.
2. How can I save money on transportation while traveling in Iran?
1. One of the best ways to save money on transportation while traveling in Iran is to utilize the extensive network of public transportation options available. This includes taking buses, both intercity and within cities, which are generally affordable and reliable. Additionally, shared taxis or “savaris” are a common mode of transportation in Iran and can be a cost-effective way to get around, especially for shorter distances.
2. Another money-saving tip is to consider using ride-sharing apps or services like Snapp or Tap30, which can often be cheaper than hailing a traditional taxi. These apps are widely used in major cities like Tehran and offer a convenient and cost-efficient way to navigate the urban landscape.
3. If you’re looking to travel longer distances between cities, consider taking overnight buses or trains to save on accommodation costs. Not only will you save money on a hotel room, but you’ll also cover a significant portion of your journey while you sleep, maximizing your travel time and budget efficiency.
4. Lastly, consider renting a bicycle or using a bike-sharing service in cities like Isfahan or Shiraz, where cycling is a popular and inexpensive way to explore the sights. Not only is biking a budget-friendly option, but it also allows you to experience the destination in a unique and immersive way.
By combining these transportation tips and options while traveling in Iran, you can save money and make the most of your budget without compromising on experiencing all that this beautiful country has to offer.
3. Are there any budget-friendly dining options in Iran for travelers?
Yes, there are several budget-friendly dining options in Iran that cater to travelers looking to save money while experiencing delicious local cuisine. Here are some tips for finding affordable food in Iran:
1. Local Cafes and Street Food: Visit local cafes and street food vendors to sample affordable and tasty snacks and meals. Look for places serving traditional dishes like kebabs, stews, and rice-based meals.
2. Food Markets and Bazaars: Explore food markets and bazaars where you can find fresh produce, nuts, spices, and ready-to-eat items at reasonable prices. These markets often have food stalls offering authentic Iranian dishes at lower costs compared to restaurants.
3. Buffet-style Restaurants: Opt for buffet-style restaurants or Paykadeh, where you pay a fixed price for unlimited servings of various dishes. This can be a cost-effective way to try a variety of Iranian foods without breaking the bank.
4. Vegetarian Options: Consider trying vegetarian meals as they are typically cheaper than meat-based dishes in Iran. Look for vegetarian restaurants or order vegetable-based stews and salads at local eateries.
5. Fast Food Chains: While it’s always great to explore local cuisine, fast food chains like Pizza Hat, KFC, and McDonald’s can offer budget-friendly options for travelers looking for familiar fare at lower prices.
By seeking out these budget-friendly dining options in Iran, travelers can enjoy delicious meals without overspending, making their trip more affordable and enjoyable.
4. What are some budget-friendly ways to explore the attractions in Iran?
Traveling on a budget in Iran can be an enriching experience with many affordable options to explore the country’s attractions. Here are some budget-friendly ways to make the most of your trip:
1. Public transportation: Utilize Iran’s efficient and extensive public transportation network, including buses, metro, and shared taxis, to get around major cities and visit attractions. These options are much cheaper than private transportation services.
2. Stay in budget accommodations: Opt for guesthouses, hostels, or budget hotels instead of luxury accommodations to save money on lodging. You can also consider staying with local families through homestay programs for a more authentic experience.
3. Eat local street food: Enjoy the delicious and affordable Iranian street food available in markets and local eateries. Trying traditional dishes like kebabs, stews, and rice dishes from street vendors can help you save money on dining out.
4. Visit free attractions: Many of Iran’s attractions, such as parks, bazaars, and historical sites, offer free or low-cost entry. Take advantage of these opportunities to explore the country’s rich cultural heritage without breaking the bank.
By following these budget-friendly tips, you can enjoy a fulfilling travel experience in Iran without overspending.
5. How can I save money on shopping in Iran as a budget traveler?
1. Bargain and Negotiate: In Iran, bargaining is a common practice, especially in local markets and bazaars. Don’t be afraid to haggle over prices with the vendors, as they often expect customers to negotiate the cost of items. You can potentially save a significant amount of money by negotiating a lower price for your purchases.
2. Shop at Local Markets: Instead of shopping at touristy areas or upscale stores, opt to explore local markets and bazaars where you can find authentic Iranian products at more affordable prices. These markets offer a wide variety of goods such as handicrafts, textiles, spices, and souvenirs at competitive rates.
3. Avoid Tourist Traps: Be cautious of shops and vendors that specifically cater to tourists, as they often charge higher prices compared to local establishments. To save money, try to shop where the locals shop and avoid falling into tourist traps.
4. Compare Prices: Before making a purchase, take the time to compare prices at different stores to ensure you are getting the best deal. This can help you identify the most cost-effective options and avoid overspending on items that may be available at a lower price elsewhere.
5. Consider Cash Payments: Some vendors in Iran may offer discounts for customers who pay in cash instead of using credit cards. By carrying local currency and being prepared to pay with cash, you may be able to secure better deals on your purchases.
6. Are there any hidden costs to be aware of when traveling on a budget in Iran?
When traveling on a budget in Iran, there are several hidden costs that travelers should be aware of to avoid any unexpected expenses. Some key hidden costs to consider include:
1. Accommodation: While budget accommodations such as hostels and guesthouses are available in Iran, there may be additional costs such as city taxes or service fees that are not always included in the initial price. It’s important to inquire about any extra charges before booking your stay.
2. Transportation: While public transportation in Iran is generally affordable, taxi drivers may try to overcharge tourists, especially in popular tourist areas. It’s advisable to negotiate the fare beforehand or use ride-sharing apps to ensure you are not being taken advantage of.
3. Entrance fees: Many tourist attractions in Iran charge entrance fees for visitors, and these costs can add up quickly, especially if you plan to visit multiple sites. It’s a good idea to research entrance fees in advance and budget accordingly.
4. Food and drinks: While street food and local eateries are budget-friendly options in Iran, dining in tourist areas or upscale restaurants can be pricey. Be mindful of menu prices and consider sticking to local cuisine to save money on food expenses.
5. Currency exchange: When exchanging currency in Iran, it’s important to be aware of any hidden fees or unfavorable exchange rates that could eat into your budget. It’s advisable to compare rates at different exchange offices and avoid exchanging money at airports or hotels, where the rates may be higher.
6. Miscellaneous expenses: Don’t forget to budget for miscellaneous expenses such as souvenirs, tips, and unforeseen emergencies. Having a buffer in your budget for unexpected costs can help ensure a stress-free and enjoyable travel experience in Iran.
7. What are some tips for finding cheap flights to Iran?
1. Be flexible with your travel dates. Prices for flights to Iran can vary significantly depending on the time of year, day of the week, and even time of day.
2. Use fare comparison websites and online travel agencies to compare prices from different airlines. Websites like Skyscanner, Google Flights, and Expedia can help you find the best deals on flights to Iran.
3. Sign up for fare alerts to receive notifications when prices drop for flights to your desired destination in Iran. This can help you snag a good deal when airlines offer promotions or discounts.
4. Consider flying into alternative airports in Iran. Major cities like Tehran, Shiraz, and Isfahan have airports that are well-connected to international destinations, but flying into smaller airports can sometimes be cheaper.
5. Look out for special promotions and discounts offered by airlines flying to Iran. Airlines often have sales or promotional offers that can help you save money on your flight ticket.
6. Consider booking a connecting flight instead of a direct one. Sometimes flying to Iran via a layover in another city can be cheaper than a direct flight.
7. Lastly, consider booking your flight well in advance. Prices for flights tend to increase as the departure date nears, so booking early can help you secure a cheaper fare.
8. How can I save money on entrance fees to historical sites and museums in Iran?
To save money on entrance fees to historical sites and museums in Iran, you can consider the following tips:
1. Look for combination tickets: Some sites offer combination tickets that allow you to visit multiple attractions for a discounted price. This can be a cost-effective option if you plan to visit several sites in the same area.
2. Visit during off-peak hours: Many sites offer discounted entrance fees during off-peak hours, which are typically early in the morning or late in the afternoon. By visiting during these times, you may be able to save money on entrance fees.
3. Utilize student or senior discounts: If you are a student or a senior, make sure to bring your ID card with you, as many sites offer discounted entrance fees for students and seniors.
4. Check for special promotions: Keep an eye out for special promotions or discounts offered by tour operators, travel agencies, or websites. These promotions can help you save money on entrance fees to historical sites and museums in Iran.
5. Consider purchasing a museum pass: Some cities offer museum passes that provide access to multiple museums and historical sites for a set price. If you plan to visit several museums during your trip, a museum pass may help you save money on entrance fees.
By following these tips and being mindful of discounts and promotions, you can save money on entrance fees to historical sites and museums in Iran while still enjoying the rich cultural heritage the country has to offer.
9. Are there any budget-friendly ways to experience traditional Persian culture in Iran?
Yes, there are several budget-friendly ways to experience traditional Persian culture in Iran. Here are some tips:
1. Visit local bazaars: Exploring the vibrant bazaars in cities like Tehran, Isfahan, and Shiraz is a great way to immerse yourself in Persian culture. You can wander through the maze of stalls selling everything from spices to handicrafts, interact with locals, and sample traditional Persian cuisine at affordable prices.
2. Stay in budget accommodations: Opt for guesthouses, hostels, or budget hotels instead of luxury accommodations to save money on your stay. These options often offer a more authentic experience and the chance to connect with locals.
3. Take public transportation: Utilize Iran’s extensive network of buses, metros, and shared taxis to get around the country affordably. This not only saves money but also allows you to see everyday life up close.
4. Visit cultural sites: Many of Iran’s most famous cultural sites, such as Persepolis, Shiraz, and Isfahan’s historic square, are affordable to visit. Consider purchasing a museum pass for discounted entry to multiple attractions.
5. Participate in free cultural activities: Keep an eye out for free cultural events happening in the cities you visit, such as music performances, art exhibitions, or traditional dance shows. These experiences can offer valuable insights into Persian culture without breaking the bank.
By following these tips, you can fully immerse yourself in traditional Persian culture while sticking to a budget during your trip to Iran.
10. What are some tips for haggling and negotiating prices in Iran as a budget traveler?
Haggling and negotiating prices in Iran can be a common practice and useful skill for budget travelers looking to stretch their money further. Here are some tips to help you navigate this practice effectively:
1. Do Your Research: Before starting to haggle, it’s essential to have a good idea of the fair price for the item or service you are interested in. This can be done by asking locals, checking online forums, or visiting multiple shops to compare prices.
2. Start Low: When making an offer, start with a price significantly lower than what you are willing to pay. This leaves room for the vendor to counteroffer, and you can gradually increase your price until you reach a mutually agreeable amount.
3. Be Polite and Friendly: Building rapport with the vendor can go a long way in negotiations. A smile, a few kind words in Farsi, and a respectful attitude can often lead to better deals.
4. Learn Some Farsi Phrases: Even knowing a few basic Farsi phrases can show the vendor that you are making an effort to understand and appreciate their culture. This can create a more positive atmosphere for bargaining.
5. Walk Away if Necessary: If you feel like the vendor is not willing to meet your price and the negotiation is at a standstill, don’t be afraid to walk away. Often, the vendor might call you back with a better offer.
6. Bundle Items: If you are interested in purchasing multiple items from the same vendor, consider bundling them together and negotiating a package price. Vendors are more likely to offer discounts for bulk purchases.
7. Be Prepared to Compromise: It’s essential to strike a balance between getting a good deal and being fair to the vendor. Sometimes, it’s better to pay a little more and support local businesses than to drive a hard bargain.
8. Practice Patience: Negotiating prices in Iran can take time, so be patient and persistent. Rushing through the process might result in missing out on good deals.
By following these tips and being respectful throughout the bargaining process, you can enhance your experience as a budget traveler in Iran and potentially secure some great deals on your purchases.
11. How can I avoid tourist traps and expensive tourist areas in Iran as a budget traveler?
As a budget traveler in Iran, there are several ways you can avoid tourist traps and expensive tourist areas:
1. Research and Plan: Make sure to research in advance to understand the average prices of accommodation, food, and transportation in different regions of Iran. This will help you identify areas that may be more expensive or touristy, allowing you to plan your itinerary accordingly.
2. Choose Local Accommodation: Opt for guesthouses, hostels, or budget hotels that are not located in the main tourist areas. Stay in smaller towns or neighborhoods to experience local culture and save money on accommodation costs.
3. Eat where the locals eat: Avoid restaurants and cafes in touristy areas, as they tend to be more expensive. Instead, look for local eateries or street food vendors where you can enjoy authentic Iranian cuisine at a fraction of the price.
4. Use Local Transportation: Public transportation in Iran is relatively inexpensive and efficient. Avoid tourist taxis or private drivers, as they often charge higher rates. Opt for buses, metros, or shared taxis to get around the city and save money on transportation costs.
5. Bargain Wisely: In markets and bazaars, bargaining is a common practice. However, be mindful of fair prices and don’t haggle too aggressively. Take your time to compare prices and negotiate politely to get a good deal without overpaying.
By following these tips and being mindful of your spending, you can explore Iran on a budget while avoiding tourist traps and expensive areas. Remember to stay flexible, open-minded, and willing to immerse yourself in the local culture for a more authentic and affordable travel experience.
12. Are there any budget-friendly outdoor activities to enjoy in Iran?
Yes, Iran offers many budget-friendly outdoor activities for travelers to enjoy. Here are some options to consider:
1. Hiking: Iran has breathtaking mountain ranges such as the Alborz, Zagros, and Kavir, offering plenty of hiking opportunities for nature enthusiasts.
2. Camping: Camping is a popular outdoor activity in Iran, with many designated camping sites in national parks and rural areas that are affordable to use.
3. Desert trekking: Explore Iran’s vast deserts such as Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut through organized tours or by renting camping gear for a unique outdoor experience.
4. Cycling: Renting a bike is an inexpensive way to explore urban areas and rural landscapes in Iran, offering a different perspective on the country’s culture and scenery.
5. Picnicking: Joining locals for a picnic in one of Iran’s many parks or scenic spots is a budget-friendly way to enjoy the outdoors and connect with the community.
Overall, Iran offers a wide range of outdoor activities that are affordable and accessible to budget travelers, providing unforgettable experiences amidst stunning natural beauty.
13. What are some tips for finding affordable souvenirs in Iran?
One of the key tips for finding affordable souvenirs in Iran is to shop at local markets and bazaars where you can find unique handmade items at reasonable prices. Bargaining is a common practice in Iran, so don’t be afraid to negotiate and haggle for a better price. Additionally, consider purchasing souvenirs directly from artisans and local shops rather than tourist areas where prices may be inflated. It’s also a good idea to look for items that are specific to Iran such as Persian rugs, handicrafts, spices, and traditional clothing which are often more affordable compared to generic souvenirs. Lastly, consider buying in bulk or choosing smaller items that are easier to transport back home to save on shipping costs.
1. Explore local markets and bazaars.
2. Practice bargaining and haggling.
3. Buy directly from artisans and local shops.
4. Look for items specific to Iran.
5. Consider purchasing smaller items or buying in bulk.
14. How can I save money on communication and internet access while traveling in Iran?
1. Consider purchasing a local SIM card upon arrival in Iran from one of the major mobile operators such as Irancell or Hamrah-e-Aval. This will allow you to have access to affordable local call and data rates during your stay.
2. Use messaging apps such as WhatsApp, Telegram, or Viber to communicate with friends and family back home for free over Wi-Fi or mobile data. This can help you save on international texting and calling fees.
3. Look for accommodations that offer free Wi-Fi for guests. This way, you can stay connected without incurring additional charges for internet access.
4. Utilize free public Wi-Fi hotspots available at cafes, restaurants, and public spaces in major cities like Tehran and Isfahan. However, keep in mind that these networks may not always be secure, so avoid accessing sensitive information when connected to public Wi-Fi.
5. Consider purchasing a portable Wi-Fi hotspot device or a local data SIM card with a data package if you need constant internet access during your travels in Iran. This can be a cost-effective way to stay connected without relying on expensive roaming charges.
6. Download maps, translation apps, and other essential travel tools offline to save on data usage while on the go. This can help you navigate the country and communicate with locals without constantly needing an internet connection.
By following these tips, you can effectively save money on communication and internet access while traveling in Iran, allowing you to stay connected without breaking the bank.
15. Are there any budget-friendly transportation options for traveling between cities in Iran?
Yes, there are several budget-friendly transportation options for traveling between cities in Iran:
1. Intercity buses: Iran has a well-developed network of intercity buses that offer a cheap and convenient way to travel between cities. These buses are comfortable, reliable, and widely available.
2. Shared taxis: Shared taxis, known as “savari” in Iran, are a popular mode of transportation for shorter distances between cities. Passengers share the cost of the ride, making it an affordable option for budget travelers.
3. Trains: Iran also has an extensive railway network connecting major cities across the country. Train travel is not only affordable but also allows you to enjoy scenic views of the Iranian countryside during the journey.
4. Ride-sharing apps: With the rise of ride-sharing apps like Snapp and Tap30 in Iran, travelers can book affordable rides between cities without the hassle of negotiating with taxi drivers.
5. Domestic flights: While not always the cheapest option, domestic flights within Iran can be relatively affordable if booked in advance or during promotional periods. Flying can also save you time and is a great way to cover long distances quickly.
By utilizing these budget-friendly transportation options, travelers can explore the diverse landscapes and rich cultural heritage of Iran without breaking the bank.
16. What are some budget-friendly alternatives to traditional hotel stays in Iran?
Some budget-friendly alternatives to traditional hotel stays in Iran include:
1. Hostels: Hostels are a popular option for budget travelers in Iran, offering shared dormitory-style accommodation at a fraction of the cost of a hotel room. Hostels also provide the opportunity to meet and socialize with other travelers.
2. Guesthouses: Guesthouses are small, family-run accommodations that offer a more intimate and local experience compared to hotels. They are often cheaper than traditional hotels and can provide a more personalized touch to your stay.
3. Homestays: Staying with a local family through a homestay program can be a rewarding and budget-friendly option. You’ll get a chance to experience Iranian culture firsthand and enjoy home-cooked meals while saving money on accommodation.
4. Camping: Iran has beautiful landscapes and natural sites that are perfect for camping. You can bring your own tent or rent one at a camping site for a budget-friendly overnight stay under the stars.
5. Airbnb: Utilizing Airbnb can be a cost-effective alternative to traditional hotels, offering a variety of accommodation options such as private rooms, apartments, or even entire homes at various price points.
6. Couchsurfing: For the most budget-friendly option, consider Couchsurfing, where locals offer free accommodation in their homes to travelers. This not only saves you money but also allows for cultural exchange and a unique insight into Iranian daily life.
By exploring these budget-friendly alternatives to traditional hotel stays in Iran, you can significantly reduce your accommodation costs while enriching your travel experience.
17. How can I save money on travel insurance for my trip to Iran?
1. Compare Multiple Providers: One of the best ways to save money on travel insurance for your trip to Iran is to shop around and compare quotes from different insurance providers. Don’t just settle for the first option you come across, as prices and coverage can vary significantly between companies.
2. Choose the Right Coverage: Be sure to only purchase the coverage you actually need for your trip. Evaluate what kind of coverage is essential for your specific travel plans in Iran, such as medical expenses, trip cancellations, or lost luggage. By selecting only the necessary coverage, you can avoid paying for additional benefits that you won’t use.
3. Consider Annual Policies: If you are a frequent traveler, it may be more cost-effective to opt for an annual travel insurance policy rather than purchasing separate policies for each trip. This can save you money in the long run, especially if you plan on taking multiple trips within a year.
4. Look for Discounts: Some insurance providers offer discounts for various reasons, such as being a member of a certain organization, traveling with a group, or bundling insurance policies. Be sure to inquire about any potential discounts that you may qualify for to reduce the cost of your travel insurance.
5. Increase Deductibles: Another way to save on travel insurance premiums is by opting for a higher deductible. While this means you will have to pay more out of pocket in case of a claim, it can significantly lower your insurance premium, making it a suitable option if you are willing to take on more financial risk.
By implementing these strategies, you can potentially save money on travel insurance for your trip to Iran while still ensuring that you have the necessary coverage for your travels.
18. Are there any budget-friendly options for guided tours in Iran?
Yes, there are budget-friendly options for guided tours in Iran that can help travelers explore the country without breaking the bank. Here are some tips to help you find affordable guided tours in Iran:
1. Local Tour Companies: Look for local tour operators in Iran that offer budget-friendly packages tailored to your interests and preferences.
2. Group Tours: Joining a group tour can often be more cost-effective as the expenses are shared among the participants.
3. Off-Season Travel: Consider visiting Iran during the off-peak season when tour prices are generally lower.
4. Online Deals: Keep an eye out for online deals and promotions offered by tour operators for discounted rates on guided tours in Iran.
5. DIY Tours: If you prefer a more independent experience, you can also opt for self-guided tours by researching and planning your itinerary in advance.
By considering these options, travelers can explore Iran on a budget while still enjoying the convenience and insights provided by a guided tour.
19. What are some tips for staying safe while traveling on a budget in Iran?
When traveling on a budget in Iran, it is important to prioritize safety. Here are some tips to help you stay safe while exploring this beautiful country:
1. Respect local customs and dress modestly, especially as Iran is a conservative country. It is advisable for both men and women to dress modestly to avoid unwanted attention or disrespecting local norms.
2. Be cautious with your belongings, especially in crowded areas and tourist sites. Keep your valuables secure and be mindful of your surroundings to avoid pickpockets or theft.
3. Avoid political demonstrations or gatherings, as they can sometimes escalate quickly. It is important to stay informed about the political situation in Iran before and during your trip.
4. Stay in reputable accommodations and avoid staying in sketchy or unknown places, especially when traveling on a budget. Look for well-reviewed hostels, guesthouses, or budget hotels for a safe and comfortable stay.
5. Use reputable transportation options, such as official taxis or registered transport services. Avoid getting into unmarked or unofficial vehicles to prevent scams or unsafe situations.
6. Learn some basic Farsi phrases or have a translation app handy to communicate with locals, especially in situations where language barriers may be a challenge.
7. Be cautious when trying street food or eating at local eateries. Make sure the food is prepared hygienically to avoid food-borne illnesses.
8. Always carry a copy of your passport and important documents with you, while keeping the originals in a safe place. This will help in case of loss or theft.
9. Be mindful of cultural sensitivities, especially when taking photos, interacting with locals, or visiting religious sites. Respect local customs and traditions to avoid any misunderstandings or conflicts.
By following these tips and staying vigilant, you can have a safe and enjoyable budget travel experience in Iran.
20. How can I meet and connect with other budget travelers in Iran?
Meeting and connecting with other budget travelers in Iran can be a rewarding experience that enhances your trip. Here are some tips to help you meet and connect with fellow budget travelers in Iran:
1. Stay in budget accommodations: Opt for hostels, guesthouses, or budget hotels where other budget travelers are likely to stay. These accommodations often have common areas where you can socialize with other travelers.
2. Join online forums: Websites like Lonely Planet’s Thorn Tree forum or Couchsurfing have sections where travelers can connect with each other. Join these platforms to find fellow budget travelers in Iran.
3. Take part in group activities: Join group tours, day trips, or activities that are popular among budget travelers. This can be a great way to meet like-minded individuals who share your interests.
4. Visit popular backpacker spots: Cities like Tehran, Isfahan, and Shiraz have popular backpacker areas where travelers tend to congregate. Visit these spots to meet other budget travelers and exchange tips and experiences.
5. Attend local events or meetups: Keep an eye out for events, meetups, or language exchanges happening in the cities you visit. These can be great opportunities to meet both locals and fellow travelers.
Remember to stay open-minded, be respectful of others’ opinions and cultures, and always prioritize your safety while connecting with new people during your travels in Iran.